Assessment of adenosine triphosphate content in sausages stuffed in different modified casing treatments added with orange extracts, utilising hyperspectral imaging combined with multivariate analysis.

Introduction: An investigation was conducted using a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system to non-invasively estimate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in vacuum packaged sausages in different modified casing treatments added with orange extracts after a year of storage at 4°C. Methods: Various pre-processing combinations were applied to the spectra to enhance the performance of partial least squares regression (PLSR). Results and discussion: PLSR models, utilising the full absorbance spectrum with pre-treatment of standard normal variate combined with 1st derivative,exhibited prediction coefficients of determination (Rp2) reaching up to 0.6629. A distribution map developed through MATLAB was employed to display the location and concentration of ATP content in these unique sausages for the first time. The integration of HSI and multivariate analysis not only quantifies but also visually represents the changes in ATP content response to the different casing treatments, demonstrating the significant potential for real-time inspection in the processed meat industry.

Characterization and bioaccessibility assessment of bioactive compounds from camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) powders and their food applications.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is a tropical fruit known for its content of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate physicochemically, morphologically, andsensorialpowders from camu-camu obtained by spray-drying at two inlet temperatures (150 °C and 180 °C) with three encapsulating agents (maltodextrin, whey protein and a 50:50 mixture of both) and by freeze-drying of whole fruit. The use of maltodextrin protected bet anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G)), but whey protein showed a better protective effect on ascorbic and malic acids. These facts were confirmed during the storage stability test, finding that relative humidity is a critical variable in preserving the bioactive compounds of camu-camu powders. The powders with the highest content of bioactive compounds were added to a yogurt and a white grape juice, and then sensory evaluated. The bioaccessibility studies in gastric and intestinal phases showed better recovery percentages of bioactive compounds in camu-camu powders (up to 60.8 %) and beverages (up to 90 %) for C3G, D3G, ascorbic acid, and malic acid than in the fruit juice. Dehydration of camu-camu (M. dubia) is a strategy to increase the bioactive compounds stability, modulate the fruit sensory properties, and improve their bioavailability after incorporation in food matrices.

Social cognition and emotional rehabilitation in participants with schizofrenia.

Introduction: People with schizophrenia have deficits in social cognition, emotion and social perception, as well as attributional style. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent social cognition training program, e-Motional Training® (ET), in people with schizophrenia and to compare its efficacy with people who did not receive it. Therefore, a single-blind RCT was conducted in participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Methods: A randomized, single-blind, clinical trial was conducted with 50 stable outparticipants with schizophrenia (registry number CHUC_2019_109). All participants (control and intervention) were treated with pharmacotherapy, case management and were on Individual Placement and Support methodology for competitive employment. The intervention group was treated with ET, an online program designed for social cognition rehabilitation. Pre and post assessment was performed using different battery of tests. General mixed models with subject identification and repeated measures over time were used. Results: Different pre and post measurements were performed in the two groups. No significant differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics between the control and intervention groups. Improvements were obtained in the intervention group in the Ekman test (p = 0.009), mainly enhanced by the improvement shown in three emotions: fear, sadness and disgust (p = 0.041, p = 0.021 and p = 0.038 respectively). Conclusion: ET is a promising online training tool for social cognition deficits in schizophrenia, in particular, for the improvement of emotions.Clinical Trial Registration: https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05866328.

Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Chemometrics Analysis for Monitoring the Textural Properties of Modified Casing Sausages with Differentiated Additions of Orange Extracts.

The textural properties (hardness, springiness, gumminess, and adhesion) of 16-day stored sausages with different additions of orange extracts to the modified casing solution were estimated by response surface methodology (RSM) and a hyperspectral imaging system in the spectral range of 390-1100 nm. To improve the model performance, normalization, 1st derivative, 2nd derivative, standard normal variate (SNV), and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) were applied for spectral pre-treatments. The raw, pretreated spectral data and textural attributes were fit to the partial least squares regression model. The RSM results show that the highest R2 value achieved at adhesion (77.57%) derived from a second-order polynomial model, and the interactive effects of soy lecithin and orange extracts on adhesion were significant (p < 0.05). The adhesion of the PLSR model developed from reflectance after SNV pretreatment possessed a higher calibration coefficient of determination (0.8744) than raw data (0.8591). The selected ten important wavelengths for gumminess and adhesion can simplify the model and can be used for convenient industrial applications.

Evaluation of pH in Sausages Stuffed in a Modified Casing with Orange Extracts by Hyperspectral Imaging Coupled with Response Surface Methodology.

The pH values of sausages stuffed in natural hog casings with different modifications (soy lecithin, soy oil, orange extracts (OE) from waste orange peels, lactic acid in slush salt, and treatment time) after 16-day 4 °C storage were evaluated for the first time by hyperspectral imaging (350−1100 nm) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). A partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed to relate the spectra to the pH of sausages. Spectral pretreatment, including first derivative, second derivative, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), normalization, and normalization, with different combinations was employed to improve model performance. RSM showed that only soy lecithin and OE interactively affected the pH of sausages (p < 0.05). The pH value decreased when the casing was treated with a higher concentration of soy lecithin with 0.26% OE. As the first and second derivatives are commonly used to eliminate the baseline shift, the PLSR model derived from absorbance pretreated by the first derivative in the full wavelengths showed a calibration coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.73 with a root mean square error of calibration of 0.4283. Twelve feature wavelengths were selected with a comparable R2 value compared with the full wavelengths. The prediction map enables the visualization of the pH evolution of sausages stuffed in the modified casings added with OE.

Las personas con trastorno mental grave en un programa de alojamiento supervisado por un Equipo Comunitario Asertivo / People with severe mental disorders in a housing program supervised by an Assertive Community Team

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la actitud y satisfacción de 182 pacientes con trastorno mental grave alojados en pisos y residencias supervisadas, sus redes sociales, las necesidades de atención y los cambios clínicos. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios de Actitudes del Usuario (CAU), de Red Social (CURES) y la Escala ENAR-CPB de Valoración de los Niveles de Atención Residencial, con repetición a los dos años. El 86% refirieron mejoría en su vida, 77% en su enfermedad y 50% en sus relaciones sociales. Se observó una reducción significativa en las necesidades de atención a los dos años. Un 86% no tuvo ingresos hospitalarios, frente al 99% del año previo. En general, encontramos una buena aceptación de los alojamientos, con mejoría en las relaciones sociales, la estabilidad clínica y hospitalizaciones. Gracias al tratamiento asertivo comunitario, la mayoría consideraba que había habido una mejoría en su enfermedad y en sus vidas. (AU)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the attitude and satisfaction of 182 patients with severe mental disorder in supervised accommodation, their social networks, their care needs and clinical changes. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. The User Attitudes Questionnaire (CAU), the Social Network Questionnaire (CURES) and the Scale of Assessment of the Levels of Residential Attention for people with Severe Mental Disorder (ENAR-CPB) were administered with repetition at two years. 86% of them reported improvement in their life, 77% in their illness, and 50% in their social relationships. There was a significant reduction in care needs at two years. 86% of the participants did not have hospital admissions, compared to 99% the previous year. In general, we found a good acceptance of the accommodations, as well as an improvement in their social relationships, clinical stability, and hospitalizations. Thanks to the assertive community treatment, the majority considered that there was an improvement both in their disease and in their lives. (AU)

Proteomic and computational characterisation of 11S globulins from grape seed flour by-product and its interaction with malvidin 3-glucoside by molecular docking.

Grape seed flour by-product (GSBP) is an economic and renewable source of proteins, increasingly being explored due to interesting technological application such as colour protection in rich-anthocyanins beverages. Globulin-like proteins from GSBP were characterised by proteomic and computational studies. MALDI TOF/TOF analysis revealed the presence of two 11S globulins (acid and basic), whose 3D structures have been elucidated for the first time in Vitis vinifera L. grape seeds by using homology models and molecular dynamics. The secondary structure showed 11 α-helices and 25 ß-sheets for acid and 12 α-helices and 24 ß-sheets for basic 11S globulins. Molecular docking results indicate that both grape seed 11S globulins could establish different types of non-covalent interactions (π-π) with malvidin 3-O-glucoside (wine anthocyanin), which suggest a possible colour protection similar to that occurring in copigmentation phenomenon. These findings provide valuable information of globulin family proteins that could be relevant in food industry applications.

Research Progress in Imaging Technology for Assessing Quality in Wine Grapes and Seeds.

The chemical composition of wine grapes changes qualitatively and quantitatively during the ripening process. In addition to the sugar content, which determines the alcohol content of the wine, it is necessary to consider the phenolic composition of the grape skins and seeds to obtain quality red wines. In this work, some imaging techniques have been used for the comprehensive characterisation of the chemical composition of red grapes (cv. Tempranillo and cv. Syrah) grown in a warm-climate region during two seasons. In addition, and for the first time, mathematical models trained with laboratory images have been extrapolated for using in field images, obtaining interesting results. Determination coefficients of 0.90 for sugars, 0.73 for total phenols, and 0.73 for individual anthocyanins in grape skins have been achieved with a portable hyperspectral camera between 400 and 1000 nm, and 0.83 for total and individual phenols in grape seeds with a desktop hyperspectral camera between 900 and 1700 nm.

Assessment of Sensory and Texture Profiles of Grape Seeds at Real Maturity Stages Using Image Analysis.

The usefulness of digital image analysis in estimating sensory attributes of grape seeds in relation to maturation level was evaluated for the first time. Seeds from Syrah grapes harvested throughout the ripening period were grouped according to maturity using the DigiEye® system. The discriminant ability, homogeneity, repeatability, and uniformity of a sensory panel were assessed after training on grape seeds. The aim was to evaluate the use of digital image techniques in order to accurately establish the maturity level of grape seeds, based on sensory and textural features. All sensory attributes (color, hardness, cracking, vegetal, bitterness and astringency) showed significant (p < 0.05) correlations with the chemical maturity stage. Color and vegetal (sensory attributes), together with deformation energy (instrumental texture parameter) (De), allowed for the classification of the seeds into four real maturity stages, hence their usefulness as grape seed ripening indicators. Significant (p < 0.05) and high-correlation factors were also found between instrumental and sensory attributes. Therefore, digital analysis can be a useful tool to better define the maturity stage in the vineyard, and to dispose of grape seeds with well-defined sensory profiles for specific oenological applications. This could help to determine the optimal harvest date to manage winemaking, in order to produce high quality wines in warm climates.

A Study of Overripe Seed Byproducts from Sun-Dried Grapes by Dispersive Raman Spectroscopy.

Overripe seeds from sun-dried grapes submitted to postharvest dehydration constitute a scarcely investigated class of vinification byproduct with limited reports on their phenolic composition and industrial applications. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was applied to characterize a selection of overripe seed byproducts from different white grapes (cv. Moscatel, cv. Pedro Ximénez and cv. Zalema) submitted to postharvest sun drying. The Raman measurements were taken using a 1064 nm excitation laser in order to mitigate the fluorescent effect and the dispersive detection scheme allowed a compactness of the optical system. Spectroscopic data were processed by a principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality and partner recognition. The evolution of the Raman spectrum during the overripening process was compared with the phenolic composition of grape seeds, which was determined by rapid resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (RRLC/MS). A multivariate processing of the spectroscopic data allowed the classification of overripe seeds according to the grape variety and the monitoring of stages of the postharvest sun drying process.

Reduction of the Number of Samples for Cost-Effective Hyperspectral Grape Quality Predictive Models.

Developing chemometric models from near-infrared (NIR) spectra requires the use of a representative calibration set of the entire population. Therefore, generally, the calibration procedure requires a large number of resources. For that reason, there is a great interest in identifying the most spectrally representative samples within a large population set. In this study, principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses have been compared for their ability to provide different representative calibration sets. The calibration sets generated have been used to control the technological maturity of grapes and total phenolic compounds of grape skins in red and white cultivars. Finally, the accuracy and precision of the models obtained with these calibration sets resulted from the application of the selection algorithms studied have been compared with each other and with the whole set of samples using an external validation set. Most of the standard errors of prediction (SEP) in external validation obtained from the reduced data sets were not significantly different from those obtained using the whole data set. Moreover, sample subsets resulting from hierarchical clustering analysis appear to produce slightly better results.

Cognitive remediation to improve the vocational outcomes of people with severe mental illness.

The present study investigates the effects of cognitive remediation (CR) training with Individual Placement and Support (IPS) in people suffering from severe mental illness in European population (Spanish). Sixty-five participants (83% with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) were recruited from community mental health teams. Fifty-seven met the criteria and agreed to participate in the study. The conditions of cognitive rehabilitation were assigned randomly with support employment CR + IPS (n = 28) and IPS alone (n = 29). Two groups were followed at 8 and 12 months after the baseline. Participants in the CR + IPS group improved more than the IPS only group during the follow-up period in measures of cognitive functioning (significantly higher in executive functions, verbal learning and memory) and obtained higher employment percentages during the follow-up period, including people who got a job after 8 months (52.2% versus 29.2%, p = .023) and after 1 year (60.9% versus 37.5%, p = .025), as well as, in the weekly hours worked (37.2 versus 26.7 h, p = .023). Retention in the CR + IPS program was high (82.14%). The calculated global cognitive score showed that the evolution over time differed significantly between groups (p < .001).

Treatment of Depression in Primary Care with Computerized Psychological Therapies: Systematic Reviews.

Depression is one of the most important causes of disability due to illness in our environment. The primary care health system receives a high percentage of this consultation about psychological distress. Often this end in a pharmacological overtreatment in patients with mild depression, due to a lack of access to alternative tools for management. To analyze the evidence that exists by now about the effectiveness of computerized psychological therapies, in people with depression in primary care setting. The search process was mainly done through MEDLINE and Cochrane using keywords such as: "depression", "treatment", "primary care", "online", "internet", "computerized", "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" and delimiting the search by years and types of studies. The Oxman quality scale was used to analyze quality of Systematic Reviews (SR). 11 previous SR were analyzed. Almost all research is experimental and has not been implemented in the public health network except in the United Kingdom, where there is a tradition in the use of the Beating the Blues program. It requires research in our country and development of programs in Spanish, or adaptation of those of other countries, to test the effectiveness in our health system and to study, in turn, the cost-efficiency. But it is proven to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms and must be study as a possible tool to be introduced in the management of depression in non-specialized care.

Applications of Visible Spectroscopy and Color Measurements in the Assessments of Carotenoid Levels in Foods.

The color of the food can be evaluated visually or instrumentally. The instrumental measurement allows to measure the color objectively and can be carried out by different techniques, most of them fast, cheap, and simple. Carotenoids are responsible for the color of many plants and foods. The measurement of color can be an effective tool to determine indirectly the concentration of carotenoids in plants and foods. In this chapter, we describe both traditional and recent methodologies for color measurement.

Approach to the use of technologies in health systems: eHealth and mHealth / Aproximación hacia el uso de las tecnologías en el sistema sanitario: e-salud y m-salud

Abstract Introduction: Given the demands of society in the twenty-first century, information and communication technologies should be incorporated into future models of the public health system. Objective: To investigate about the use of eHealth and mHealth through a quantitative study. Materials and methods: A quantitative study was carried out using a 16-item questionnaire that inquires about 9 dimensions: self-diagnostic technologies, complementation genetic test, use of smartphones, data privacy, electronic medical records, costs of medical services, annual physical examinations, concern about radiation exposure, and management of internet and technologies. Results: The exploratory sample (n=250) was made up of health professionals (55 doctors and 77 medical students) and health service users (122 patients) from Spain. One ofthe similarities was the promotion of the use of smartphones, but there were differences regarding the value given to diagnosis made by using technologies as opposed to that made by professionals. Conclusion: The most relevant difference in terms of expectations among health service users and health care professionals was related to the ownership of the medical history.

Resumen Introducción. Ante los actuales reclamos de la sociedad del siglo XXI, es evidente que las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación deben ser incorporadas en los futuros modelos del sistema sanitario público. Objetivo. Indagar en el uso de e-salud y m-salud a través de un estudio cuantitativo. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo a través de un cuestionario de 16 ítems orientados hacia 9 dimensiones: tecnologías de autodiagnóstico, pruebas complementarias genéticas, hábito del smartphone, privacidad de datos, historias clínicas electrónicas, costes de servicios médicos, exámenes físicos anuales, preocupación sobre la exposición a radiación y manejo de internet y tecnologías. Resultados. La muestra exploratoria (n=250) estuvo conformada por profesionales sanitarios (55 médicos y 77 estudiantes de medicina) y usuarios del servicio sanitario (122 pacientes) de España. Entre las similitudes se detectó el apoyo al uso del smartphone y entre las diferencias, el valor otorgado al diagnóstico realizado por las tecnologías frente al formalizado por los profesionales. Conclusión. La diferencia más significativa entre usuarios del sistema sanitario y profesionales sanitarios estuvo relacionada con sus expectativas sobre la propiedad de la historia clínica.

Efectividad de una estrategia de apoyo individualizado al empleo para personas con trastornos mentales graves / Effectiveness of individual supported employment for people with severe mental disorders

Objetivo: Valorar la efectividad de una estrategia de apoyo individualizado al empleo (IPS) en personas con enfermedad mental grave en la isla de Tenerife (España). Método: Pacientes de los Servicios de Salud Mental Comunitaria con trastornos mentales graves fueron asignados a dos grupos de forma aleatorizada. En uno de ellos se aplicó el método IPS (n=124) y en el grupo control (n=75) se asesoró en la manera habitual de búsqueda de empleo. Los pacientes fueron seguidos una media de 3,4 años y se analizó cuántos trabajaron al menos un día, el tiempo trabajado, los salarios, el número de contratos y el número de admisiones hospitalarias. Se usaron métodos estadísticos no paramétricos en la comparación de resultados (U de Mann-Whitney). Resultados: Los pacientes asignados al grupo IPS trabajaron al menos un día el 99%, frente al 75% del grupo control; trabajaron de media 30,1 semanas/año vs. 7,4; el salario mensual fue de 777,9 euros vs. 599,9 euros; el número de contratos por persona fue de 3,89 vs. 4,85, y los ingresos hospitalarios fueron 0,19 vs. 2,1. Conclusión: La estrategia IPS es efectiva en la integración laboral de personas con enfermedad mental grave, logrando que trabajen más tiempo, tengan mayor salario y menos ingresos hospitalarios, en un contexto social de alto desempleo

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an individual placement and support (IPS) strategy in people with severe mental disorders in Tenerife Island (Spain). Methods: Patients of Community Mental Health Services with severe mental disorders were randomly assigned to two groups. One of them received IPS (n=124), and the control group (n=75) was advised in the usual job search. Patients were followed up for an average of 3.4 years and an analysis was made of how many patients worked at least one day, working hours, wages, the number of contracts and the number of hospital admissions. Non-parametric methods were used to compare the results (Mann-Whitney U test). Results: The percentage of patients who worked at least one day was 99% in the IPS group compared with 75% in the control group; they worked on average 30.1 weeks per year vs 7.4; the monthly salary was Euros 777.9 vs Euros 599.9; the number of contracts per person was 3.89 vs 4.85, and hospital admissions were 0.19 vs 2.1. Conclusions: The IPS strategy is effective for the labour integration of people with severe mental illness getting them to work longer, have higher wages and fewer hospital admissions

Analysis of Multifloral Bee Pollen Pellets by Advanced Digital Imaging Applied to Functional Food Ingredients.

Bee pollen is a hive product, resulting from floral pollen agglutination by worker bees and it is characterized by its excellent bioactive and nutritional composition. Currently, research is focused on bee pollen applications on food industry, because this product has been considered an excellent source of compounds for human nutrition. It is also important in some industries, where color and particle size are important characteristics for production. Due to the granular nature of bee pollen, conventional colorimetry does not allow describing color correctly; thus, digital image analysis is a better alternative. This technique could also allow classifying bee pollen according to its appearance beyond the color. Consequently, the aim of this work was to develop a novel methodology for image data processing to classify bee pollen as ingredient in food industry. Seven color groups in samples were established regarding harvest month and particle size. It was possible to calculate the percentage of each color group in all samples. This methodology also allowed selecting each fraction for different applications in food industry using colorimetry, granulometry and the relationship between both of them.

Implications of the Red Beet Ripening on the Colour and Betalain Composition Relationships.

The evolution during ripening of Beta vulgaris (var. Pablo) on colour and betalain composition, not previously conducted in conjunction in red beets, has been examined. According to the results, it could be asserted that the ripening stage significantly (p < 0.05) influenced on all the studied parameters. On the basis of the betalain content, the optimum ripening stage corresponded to a medium weigh-to-calibre ratio, in the light of the significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of betalains, especially betanin and vulgaxanthin I. Moreover, colour attributes also differed during ripening, having the medium-ripened beetroots a significantly (p < 0.05) more reddish hue (hab) and lower lightness (L*), probably due to the higher content of betaxanthins in this stage. The colour differences among red beets in the stage II and the rest of stages were visually appreciable (ΔE*ab > 3) and mainly qualitative. A new range of opportunities for diversification of colorant market, from a nutritional and colorimetric point of view, could be possible by employing red beets with different stages of ripening.

Estimation of adenosine triphosphate content in ready-to-eat sausages with different storage days, using hyperspectral imaging coupled with R statistics.

A hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system (380-1000 nm) was investigated for non-invasively estimating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in ready-to-eat sausages during 5 days storage at 35 °C. A set of pretreated combinations were carried out on preprocessing the spectra to improve the performance of partial least squares regression (PLSR). According to the regression coefficient values, ten important wavelengths (385, 390, 395, 505, 580, 670, 745, 780, 855, and 955 nm) were selected in this study. PLSR models developed using full wavelengths and optimal wavelengths showed the prediction coefficient of determination (rp2) up to 0.8324 and 0.8606, respectively. The concentration and location of the ATP content in sausages were for the first time displayed via chemical imaging developed by R statistics. Combining HSI and multivariate analysis can quantify and visualize ATP dynamic changes during storage and a great potential in the processed meat industry for real-time inspection.